The effects of cumulative stressful educational events on the mental health of doctoral students during the Covid-19 pandemic.

High rates of psychological distress including anxiety and depression are common in the doctoral community and the learning environment has a role to play. With the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic taking a toll on mental health it is necessary to explore the risk and protective factors for this population. Using data from the Covid-19: Global Study of Social Trust and Mental Health, the present study examined the relationship between Covid-19-related stressful educational experiences and doctoral students' mental health problems. Moreover, it assessed the role of attentional ability and coping skills in promoting good mental health. One hundred and fifty-five doctoral students completed an online survey where micro-, meso- and macro-level educational stressors were measured. The Patient Health Questionnaire and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire were used to measure depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. We also measured coping skills using a 13-item scale and attentional ability using a questionnaire. The results of multiple linear regression analyses showed that specific stressful educational experiences were unrelated but cumulative stressful educational experiences were related to increased depression symptoms (but not anxiety symptoms) in fully adjusted models. Additionally, higher coping skills and attentional ability were related to fewer depression and anxiety symptoms. Finally, no associations between demographics and other covariates and mental health problems were found. The experience of multiple educational stressful events in their learning environment due to Covid-19 is a key risk factor for increased mental illness in the doctoral community. This could be explained by the uncertainty that the Covid-19 pandemic has caused to the students.

Challenges Posed by COVID-19 on Doctoral Students' Wellbeing in Russia: Of International and Domestic Doctoral Students, Who Suffers More?

Background: While universities closed, implementing remote teaching and learning in response to COVID-19, this change significantly impacted the lives of graduate students, given their exposure to unique and diverse experiences. It thus has become essential to understand the possible differences in regard to the pandemic's impact on international and domestic students. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the consequences of the challenges posed by COVID-19 on doctoral students' wellbeing in Russia. Methods: The study surveyed 4454 doctoral students across 249 Russian public universities. Results: The challenges posed by COVID-19 negatively affected international doctoral students' learning experience (ß= -0.269, p<0.001); students' satisfaction with supervision (ß= -0.098, p<0.001); dissertation experience (ß= -0.039, p<0.001); and doctoral program satisfaction (ß= -0.034, p<0.001). Furthermore, the challenges posed by COVID-19 affected domestic doctoral students' learning experience (ß=-0.368, p<0.001); students' satisfaction with supervision (ß=-0.194, p<0.001) and doctoral program satisfaction (ß=-0.034, p<0.001). However, the influence of the challenges posed by COVID-19 on communication frequency was relatively positive for both international (ß=0.060, p<0.001) and domestic students (ß=0.021, p<0.001), and dissertation experience (ß=0.061, p<0.001) was also positive for only domestic students. Furthermore, controlled factors comprising field of study (ß=-0.033, p<0.001); year of study (ß=0.127, p<0.001); and university region (ß=-0.056, p<0.001) influenced the effect of the challenges posed by COVID-19 on international doctoral students. Conclusion: The COVID-19 challenges had the greatest impact on the wellbeing of international students. Furthermore, both international and domestic students' communication frequency with their supervisors underwent a relatively positive impact (which implies no effect on both categories of students). Furthermore, the challenges posed by COVID-19 had no effect on domestic students' dissertation experiences. Finally, among the controlled variables, field of study, year of study, and university region were discovered to be significant factors in relation to the challenges posed by COVID-19 for international students.

Establishing Academic Identities Through Professional Socialisation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Doctoral Student, Institutional Member, or Early Career Researcher?

While higher education institutions promptly responded to the transition to online or blended practices as a result of COVID-19, there is limited current understanding of how first-year PhD students committed themselves to various online networking experiences during their initial stage of professional development. By drawing on Kolb's experiential learning cycle, this chapter elicits two first-year international PhD students' professional trajectories of forming our professional identities in academia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite engaging with different professional socialisation activities, we both underwent three transformative stages which we classify as acquiring knowledge, establishing networks, and gaining validation. Our findings indicate that our dynamic and consecutive professional identity formation transitioned through three stages: a doctoral student, an institutional member, and an early career researcher. This chapter reveals how this linear three-stage process respectively unfolds for different international doctoral students. In this regard, relevant implications are proposed for current and prospective international doctoral students and their institutions to refer to in better facilitating international doctoral students' professional identity development during and beyond COVID-19 pandemic. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

‘Intertext' in a New Context: Lessons Learnt from Collaborating, Contributing, and Connecting Through an Online Interdisciplinary Student-Led Symposium During COVID-19

Like so many of our peers who were in the process of completing a Ph.D., we experienced a dislocation from space, routine, and community at the onset of the COVID pandemic. We were no longer meeting in seminars, having incidental chats in the corridors, or engaging in the day-to-day routines that we found supportive as Higher Degrees by Research (HDR) candidates. As student representatives for just over 700 HDRs in our college, we found ourselves wanting to create opportunities to seek out connection during these strange times, but being unsure of how to do this in the context of such a diverse cohort all dealing with different impacts of the pandemic. In September 2020, amidst the second wave of COVID cases in Victoria, we hosted an online student-led interdisciplinary symposium for HDR students in our college (the Intertext Symposium), adapted from its previous face-to-face format. The Symposium surpassed previous years in terms of attendance, engagement, and support from academics. In this chapter we reflect on the lessons learnt from supporting, contributing, and collaborating on the collective goals of the Symposium. We question why people might have sought to engage in the Symposium, the opportunities for further collaborations, and what we will take forward into the future. In addition to reflecting on what we learnt, we also discuss how changes brought about by COVID-related disruptions may have implications for future HDR communities and collaborations. Previous HDR interactions relied heavily on access to physical space, which made it difficult for geographically dispersed candidates to participate. We anticipate models of online conference events and research project management developed during COVID-19 will be used in future events to cater to diverse audiences (such as those who are geographically dispersed, financially disadvantaged, or carers), even in the absence of restrictions and pandemic constraints. In addition, we believe reflexivity and agility will benefit future student representatives and leaders as a means of learning from and responding to complex challenges currently faced by the higher education sector. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

My PhD Saved My Sanity and My Life

In this chapter, I explore my experience with psychological stress during the first year of my doctoral candidature that resulted from the intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic and global Black Lives Matter protests. As a qualitative researcher, I draw on my own autoethnographic vignettes (Ellis. The ethnographic I: A methodological novel about autoethnography. AltaMira Press, 2004) to provide an account of the personal challenges which may be generalizable to minoritised doctoral students during crisis situations. I use the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (Lazarus and Folkman. Stress, appraisal and coping. Springer, 1984) to identify with and understand the stressors I faced as an insider—a Black, female doctoral student—and share the adaptive coping strategies that I used to be able to focus on my PhD. As a result, I prove the claim that the PhD became my saviour. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

"Memeing It Up!”: Doctoral Students' Reflections of Collegiate Virtual Writing Spaces During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Completing a PhD is an isolating and arduous process, where doctoral students' wellbeing is impacted. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the pre-existing feelings of social isolation and lowered productivity resulting in further challenges due to the absence of established social support systems. Higher education is an area of particular interest, specifically in Victoria, Australia, where all students spent most of the years 2020 and 2021 in a lockdown. This chapter presents a reflective autoethnographic account of two doctoral students' experiences of writing their theses during the COVID-19 pandemic. We are two sociological researchers pursuing PhDs who experienced an extended COVID-19 lockdown while studying at Monash University's Faculty of Education in Victoria, Australia. Our chapter identifies how our socio-emotional and academic writing struggles were intertwined and how they affected the overall progress of our doctoral thesis. The emotional aspects included, but were not limited to, fear, anxiety, uncertainty, stress, and a lack of support, which will be the focus of this chapter. We use our accounts to share our coping strategies by acknowledging the effects of these emotional aspects. We achieved this through participating in collegiate virtual writing spaces via Zoom, creating a sense of accountability for writing by employing the Pomodoro technique. Furthermore, social interaction was a significant component of the Zoom sessions;we maintained our digital proximity while we were physically apart. The use of memes, presented an opportunity for us to socialise, joke, and reflect on the positives, thus creating a sense of self-efficacy during this challenging time. Ultimately, these sessions created a space to remind ourselves and each other of the passion behind our doctoral degrees and ascribe somewhat positive meaning to the thoughts and feelings related to the stressful and unexpected COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we offer this chapter to support our fellow doctoral peers in these times of uncertainty across the globe. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

"Let's Talk About Wellbeing!”: Fostering Interdependence in Doctoral Communities

The Ph.D. genre captures the complexity and plurality of practices generally confronting doctoral scholars, creating challenges and at times contributing to wellbeing concerns. The arrival of COVID-19 has exacerbated such challenges with its associated mandatory self-isolation and other imposed measures, leading to explicit and implicit impact on members of the doctoral community. This autoethnographic study draws upon the collective reflections of a group of researchers as they explored practical ways of fostering and supporting mental health and wellbeing within the doctoral community. Our study highlights three aspects for consideration: (a) a holistic understanding of doctoral wellbeing as key, (b) the interconnection between doctoral scholars' and staff members' well-being, and (c) communities serving as avenues to psychological wellness. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

The Effects of the Pandemic on the Research Output and Strategies of Early Career Researchers and Doctoral Candidates

The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken research in higher education in unexpected ways (OECD, 2021). While it sped up the transition to online and virtual modes of learning within the academe, it also generated significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression among university-based researchers (Chirikov et al., 2020). Higher education institutions adopted widespread changes in teaching loads and research policy at break-neck speed, often to the dismay of early career researchers and doctoral candidates. This chapter investigates the impact of the global health crisis on the research output and strategies of early career researchers and doctoral candidates at universities around the world. It reviews the literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on research output and strategies. The chapter also incorporates recent findings from the author's research project, which investigates the long-term impact of the pandemic on academic writing strategies and output among doctoral candidates (following on from results previously published in Cahusac de Caux (2021)). © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

A Shift in Doctoral Students' Demands and Motives During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted human life globally, including at all levels of education. In this chapter, I will discuss how I, as a doctoral student, dealt with the new educational practices which resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. I highlight the change of demand and motives I experienced, including the conditions and challenges I faced when managing my son's home learning and my online learning. I developed a new educational practice of using technology to support my various needs as a doctoral student. I show that commitment, dedication, and resilience during the restricted learning process played an important role in helping me to successfully adjust to my pandemic learning conditions. I conclude this chapter by providing practical insights into how other doctoral students could adapt to the changes resulting from COVID-19. These insights can help future doctoral students cope with stress associated with significant change, workload demands, time-management challenges, and personal commitments. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

The relationship among stressors and mental health and the impact on grade point average for doctoral students during a pandemic

The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental study will be to explore the relationship between stressors and mental health, the impact mental health has on grade point average (GPA), and determine if stressors and mental health moderate GPA for doctoral students during a pandemic. There is evidence that stress impacts mental health and school performance;however, there is little data based on doctoral students. Participants were recruited via a recruitment flyer sent out to all doctoral students attending The Chicago School of Professional Psychology Southern California campuses. While additional factors need to be accounted for, this study found that having children had a statistically significant relationship with mental health while other stressors did not. The data provided evidence that there is a significant difference between participants who have children under the age of 18 and participants who do not regarding mental health scores. The other stressors, employment status, hours of sleep per night, hours spent a week completing homework, and contracting COVID-19, did not have a statistically significant relationship with mental health. The research also showed mental health does not impact GPA for doctoral students. However, results showed that having children under the age of 18 was a statistically significant predictor of GPA and that there was a relationship between mental health scores moderated by hours of sleep per night in predicting GPA. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

A closer look at the experiences of international graduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Connections to wellbeing

Graduate education, especially at the doctoral level, provides students with opportunities to learn, grow, and gain independence as scholars, as well as gives rise to a certain degree of stress. The stress level that the program itself generates as a matter of course scales up with additional challenges for some graduate students, including deficient academic engagement or, in some cases, poor relationships with their supervisors. Other additional stressors can be counted, like a reverted work-life balance, financial difficulties, a lack of permanent employment, the pressure to publish in high-impact journals and participate in conferences or congresses, and the feeling of an uncertain future. This chapter is a collaborative autoethnographic study seeking to explore the authors experiences as international doctoral students leading transnational lives in Canada. They are three international Turkish, Chinese, and Vietnamese doctoral students in a Joint Ph.D. in Educational Studies program at a Canadian university. Acknowledging the diverse demographic backgrounds-including gender, race, ethnicity, and class-the chapter aims to situate the collaboration in a critical discussion on different challenges the authors faced and resources they used while learning and sustaining doctoral studies amidst a global crisis, which are emerging themes in their findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Social justice mentorship amidst a pandemic

The pandemic's rapid impact on higher education and ensuing move to remote learning introduced sudden and unexpected challenges for students and faculty. With the instantaneous switch to distance learning, doctoral student mentors and their mentees had to adapt not only to the lifestyle stresses of the virus, but also to new modes of communication, unfamiliar technology and time and space differences. Through this collaborative autoethnographic study, a group of doctoral students and faculty who engage in social justice research explore mentorship during a pandemic with a particular focus on how experiences with marginalization affect mentoring dynamics. Findings highlight the relational characteristics of mentorship, the adaptive processes specific to sociopolitical, institutional, and personal impacts, and supports toward continued commitment to social justice research. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Countering stuckness: international doctoral students' experiences of disrupted mobility amidst COVID-19

The paper, through the lens of positioning and agency theories, examines the experiences of being stranded in the home country due to the restricted mobility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic of 10 international doctoral students of different nationalities (Chinese, Vietnamese, Malaysian, and Indian), majoring in different disciplines (Education, Linguistics, Applied linguistics, Economics, Public health, and Civil engineering), and studying in different countries (New Zealand, Australia, and the United States). With an aim to explore the abrupt immobility and its subsequent impacts on the students' learning, the article highlights the challenges that the students had to tackle including the feelings of being in limbo, nostalgia, and detachment, and faced with academic challenges due to the physical distance from the study destination. Accordingly, they had to self-position and reposition themselves and enact different forms of agency to confront the difficulties, including agency for becoming, needs-response agency, and agency as struggle and resistance. The findings highlight how the international PhD students mobilized resources to develop their independence as future researchers, as well as their connection with the academic communities in their home countries in various ways. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Participatory Relationships Matter: Doctoral Students Traversing the Academy

In this article, we take our thoughts for a walk through our three different doctoral journeys and experiences with the Post Philosophies and the Doing of Inquiry Webinar Series (2020–2021). The webinars presented an example of Slow scholarship, enabling us to think deeply and differently from others and develop new ideas to take further. The online connections offered opportunities for extending learning spaces beyond traditional bounded structures. Here we explore the rich learning gained from each other's experiences of research, learning, and teaching in different higher education settings and ways in which these intersected with the webinars during the global COVID-19 pandemic. We contend that the generosity of senior academics in leadership positions who embraced global networks of communication, connected students with experts, and learned with and from their students through communal egalitarian spaces has enormous potential to support students as they traverse often demanding and challenging doctoral journeys. © The Author(s) 2022.

International Doctoral Students Negotiating Support from Interpersonal Relationships and Institutional Resources during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected international students around the world. Chinese international students are challenged in their daily life and study due to the travel restrictions, disruption of research, closure of labs, and the rise of anti-Asian racism. This study investigates the challenges, especially psychological ones, faced by international doctoral students from China studying in the United States. and explores how their social networks and support systems help them navigate their life and study during the pandemic. In light of social networks and support theory, we interviewed 20 Chinese international doctoral students studying in the U.S. and found that falling in between intimate relationships and student-institution relationships, academic departments and advisors are able to provide all types of support, namely, instrumental, informational, and emotional. Their ability to provide emotional support was heavily overlooked, especially during a global crisis. Concerted efforts must urgently be put together to deal with the mental health of international doctoral students on campus and rebuild a supportive and hospitable U.S. higher education system. This study can contribute to the scholarship of international higher education by capturing international doctoral student experiences and perceptions in this crucial time and assessing higher education institutions' capability to support international students.

An Autoethnographic Narrative of the Diasporic Experience of a Chinese Female Ph.D. Returnee's Entry into the Domestic Academic Job Market during COVID-19: An Ecological Environment Perspective

In this study, Chinese female Ph.D. returnees' diasporic experience when entering into the domestic academic job market (DAJM) was examined from an ecological environment perspective. This was realized through an autoethnographic narrative of the author's lived experience of entering the DAJM during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a recollection of the narrative recorded through E-diaries, emails, and visual media, specifically WeChat, from April 2020 to May 2021, the findings revealed that such a diasporic experience comprised diasporic emotion because of expectational pressures in the microsystem, diasporic identity conflict that originated from gender stereotypes in the mesosystem, self-reflexive diasporic consciousness of both disadvantages and advantages related to "Guanxi" (social networks) in the exosystem, the diasporic feeling of being "exiled" in the DAJM given the academic culture in relation to degree origin bias and prioritizing publications in the macrosystem, and the self-constructed diasporic mindset that experienced uncertainties and anxieties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the chronosystem. This study facilitated a sociological exposition and understanding of the complex situation of Ph.D. returnees' experience of entering the DAJM. It calls for a shifting of "blaming the victims" risk in relation to "hard" indicators regarding Ph.D. returnees' competitiveness and employability in the DAJM. This has implications for both academic and recruiting practices in China. Furthermore, this study offers future overseas doctoral students and Ph.D. returnees a more practical sense of the potential mobility frictions embedded in transnational education mobility in relation to their job-seeking experience in homelands.

Buffering or Perpetuating: The Perceived Role of Academic Institutions in Chinese International Doctoral Students' Double Pandemics Experiences in the United States

This study adopted a systemic perspective to examine the perceived role of academic institutions in responding to Chinese international doctoral students (CIDS) double pandemic experiences. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was utilized to guide the research process. The results showed the interlocking relations regarding how individual academic experiences interacted with the social-political-institutional environment during this time of crisis. The discussions highlight the systemic influences on CIDS' experiences. The theoretical and practical implications were included in order to inform systemic interventions.

Exploring Scholarly Productivity, Supports, and Challenges of Multinational Women Graduate Students during a Global Pandemic

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic led to shifts in higher education globally. This study reports the tensions multinational women graduate students experienced due to the change in delivery methods caused by the pandemic. Additionally, they examined how the students felt about their changing roles and lived experiences. This study highlights areas that institutions should address along with the type and level of support provided to their graduate student population. The authors recommend that institutions focus on providing equitable resources for graduate students, help to develop a support network, both in-person and online, provide resources to maintain a healthy work-life balance, and provide outlets to reduce the stress involved in graduate study.

Mental Health and Perceived Stress in Kinesiology Graduate Students

While the negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been noted in the general population and among undergraduate students, little is known about the impact on graduate students. We surveyed kinesiology graduate students (N = 272) enrolled in American Kinesiology Association member institutions regarding their well-being. Overall, graduate students reported poor mental health and high perceived stress. Cisgender women reported worse outcomes than their counterparts. No significant differences were found among sexual orientation or racial and ethnic identity. In open-ended responses, graduate students identified both increased and decreased well-being and delineated methods that helped or would have helped their well-being during the pandemic. Faculty and administrators must put intentional effort into recognizing mental health disparities, provide open and clear communication, and increase access and visibility of resources to support the mental health and well-being of graduate students. © 2022 American Kinesiology Association.

EDUCATION DOCTORAL STUDENTS’ SELF-STUDY OF THEIR IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT: A THEMATIC REVIEW

Aim/Purpose Doctoral students’ experiences in PhD programs could be a journey of identity evolution. Existing research on doctoral students’ identities has typically been conducted by faculties. As the main character in the identity evolution process, it is critical to understand doctoral students’ interpretation of their own identities and identity development in PhD programs. The purpose of this paper is to examine how and what education doctoral students discovered when they used self-study and relevant qualitative methodologies (e.g., auto-ethnography) to investigate their identities and identity development through their own practices in PhD programs. Background This research began as part of a larger project to synthesize studies on doctoral students’ identities. A cluster of articles was identified in which students were examining their experiences as developing individuals from the perspective of identities and identity development. In contrast to most of the previous research on doctoral education, this collection of articles was written by doctoral students as part of their academic and professional practice. Methodology The larger qualitative systematic review (i.e., qualitative evidence synthesis) of doctoral students’ identity development began with database searches that were not restricted by year (e.g., PsycINFO, Education Research Complete, and Education Resources Information Center). Thirteen articles written by doctoral students discussing their identities and identity development in PhD programs were further identified from selected articles ranging from 2009 to 2021. These articles and their implications were analyzed using a qualitative research synthesis approach. Contribution Although scholars have looked at doctoral students’ identities and identity development from various viewpoints, the current investigation deepens the understanding of this focus from doctoral students’ own perspectives. Doctoral students are trained investigators with research skills and mindsets. As novice researchers and educators, their open and honest reflections about their challenges, opportunities, and development are worthwhile to identify significant aspects of their identities and identity development in PhD programs. Findings There are two dimensions to the findings: the Approach Dimension and the Content Dimension. The Approach Dimension is concerned with how doctoral students investigated their identities and identity development, whereas the Content Dimension is concerned with what they found. Findings in the Approach Dimension show that doctoral students applied the self-study inquiry approach or used the notion of self-study inquiry to interpret their identity and identity development. The self-study inquiry encompasses five main features, including (1) Self-Initiated and Focused, (2) Improvement-Aimed, (3) Collaborative/Interactive, (4) Reflective Data Collection, and (5) Exemplar-Based Validation. Doctoral students examined the five self-study features both directly and indirectly in their studies. The investigation revealed four major themes in the Content Dimension, including (1) Identity Development as a Dynamic Process, (2) Multiple Identities, (3) Learning Contexts, and (4) Socialization. Recommendations The findings suggest that practitioners in PhD programs should be aware of for Practitioners the existence, process, and dynamics of identity evolution in doctoral programs. The best possible way for PhD program administrators, faculties, and advisors to support doctoral students’ growth and identity development is to incorporate doctoral students’ own insights into practice. Given the unprecedented influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the educational environment and the diversity of doctoral students, it is crucial to discover how doctoral students use structured research methods to reflect, learn, and self-support their identity development during their PhD programs. The self-study inquiry process would be a helpful and effective approach to support doctoral students’ advan ement. For instance, PhD programs could create self-evaluation assignments or courses that incorporate both self-study and identity development concepts. Recommendations When studying doctoral students’ identity development, it is critical to emphafor Researchers size the essence of identity, which is people’s perceptions of who they are. We recommend that researchers who study doctoral students could further integrate doctoral students’ insights about their own identity status (e.g., multiple identities) into research. Impact on Society Successful completion of PhD programs is a critical foundation for doctoral students to serve society as expert researchers and educators. Support for the growth and development of doctoral students could facilitate the completion of their doctoral programs and strengthen their sense of agency through the lens of identity. Future Research Future research could go beyond the field of education and expand to more disciplines to identify common and diverse factors influencing doctoral students’ identity and identity development across domains. Future research on the post-COVID-19 era and its implications for online programs must also be studied in connection with doctoral students’ identities and identity development. © 2022 Informing Science Institute. All rights reserved.